1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die

1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die is a film reference book edited by Steven Jay Schneider with original essays on each film contributed by over 70 film critics.

It is part of the 1001 Before You Die series designed and produced by Quintessence Editions, a London-based company. The first edition was published in 2003.

The book covers a wide variety of films — Hollywood and foreign classics, cult titles, silent cinema, and more.

Each entry typically includes a title, director, year, cast list, and a short critical appraisal.

Films are recommended for their artistic merits; there are no top tens or ranked best-movie lists.

New editions revise the selection, adding and removing titles as the book is updated. The exact contents therefore depend on the edition, rather than on a fixed annual cycle.

Steven Jay Schneider is an internationally renowned scholar in film criticism and theory. Schneider is also the founding editor of Film International and the editor in chief of Directory of World Cinema: Britain.

He has written extensively about cinema for academic journals such as Quarterly Review of Film and Video, Senses of Cinema, Studies in European Cinema, The Velvet Light Trap, and many others, as well as for Sight & Sound and the New York Times.

Here we've picked two films from each decade that the book and list covers.

Our hope is that this gives you a taste of what the book is about, as we obviously aren't going to cover all 1001 films here. This gives us a bountiful selection of films without going overboard.

I should also mention that the reviews/synopses of the movies included here are our own and not a representation of what the critics from the '1001 Movies To See' book actually think of the films.

1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die

Let's start our list off with the first decade of the 20th century.

Filmmaker quote

“In order to write scripts, you must first study the great novels and dramas of the world. You must consider why they are great. Where does the emotion come from that you feel as you read them? What degree of passion did the author have to have, what level of meticulousness did he have to command, in order to portray the characters and events as he did? You must read thoroughly, to the point where you can grasp all these things. You must also see the great films. You must read the great screenplays and study the film theories of the great directors. If your goal is to become a film director, you must master screenwriting.”

1900-1910

Filmmaker quote

“Self-plagiarism is style.”

A Trip To The Moon (1902)

A Trip to the Moon (French: Le Voyage dans la Lune) is a 1902 French adventure film directed by Georges Méliès.

Inspired by a wide variety of sources, including Jules Verne's novels From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon, the film follows a group of astronomers who travel to the Moon in a cannon-propelled capsule, explore the Moon's surface, escape from an underground group of Selenites (lunar inhabitants), and return to Earth with a captive Selenite.

It features an ensemble cast of French theatrical performers, led by Méliès himself in the main role of Professor Barbenfouillis, and is filmed in the overtly theatrical style for which Méliès became famous.

The running time of 14 minutes makes it one of the longest films of that period. An original hand-colored print was discovered in 1993 and restored in 2011.

According to David Kalat, A Trip to the Moon was one of Méliès' greatest commercial successes and inspired many imitating films by other filmmakers such as Edwin S. Porter's A Trip to Mars (1910).

The Great Train Robbery (1903)

The Great Train Robbery (1903) is a 1903 American silent short film directed by Edwin S. Porter.

Often cited as an early narrative Western, The Great Train Robbery is a short film, not a feature. It was shot largely in New Jersey, including at Edison's studio in West Orange and locations around Milltown.

The movie was inspired by Scott Marble's 1896 stage play of the same name.

The 16-minute film was made on outdoor locations with a cast of dozens and edited to create a thrilling experience for its audiences.

In 1969, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.

The film opens with two bandits breaking into and entering a railroad telegraph office. The Bandit King orders his henchmen to tie up the operator while he sends a false message to the train conductor.

When the message is received by the train crew, they stop the locomotive while the express car door is opened and robbed of its contents by another gang of bandits waiting for them on an adjacent trestle bridge over a river gorge.

1910-1920

Intolerance (1916)

Intolerance is a 1916 American silent drama film directed by D. W. Griffith. Subtitles include Love's Struggle Throughout the Ages and A Sun-Play of the Ages (in its initial release).

Each story had its own distinctive color tint in the original print, while the scenes were linked together by shots of a figure representing Eternal Motherhood, rocking a cradle.

It was not, as is commonly implied, an apology for the racism of his earlier film The Birth of a Nation (1915), but an alternative to it.

The film was a critical and commercial failure upon original release. However, due to its use of multiple storylines in contrast to The Birth of a Nation's linear narrative, it is now widely considered one of the greatest films ever made.

In 1989 Intolerance was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

It has long held a near-universal Rotten Tomatoes critic score and is widely considered one of the most groundbreaking and innovative films ever made.

The Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920)

The Cabinet of Dr Caligari is a 1920 silent horror film directed by Robert Wiene from a screenplay by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer.

It is one of the most influential of German Expressionist films and is widely regarded as a classic of world cinema.

In the film, an insane hypnotist (Werner Krauss) uses a somnambulist (Conrad Veidt) to commit murders.

The film features a dark and twisted visual style, with sharp-pointed forms, oblique and curving lines, structures and landscapes that lean and twist in unusual angles, and shadows and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets.

Wiene's film presents themes of madness, family, love, and nationalism; the stylized sets were designed by Hermann Warm, Walter Reimann, and Walter Röhrig, who recommended a fantastic, graphic style over the naturalistic approach favored by many filmmakers of the time.

The film was released just as foreign film industries were easing restrictions on the import of German films following World War I.

It was an international success with audiences in Europe and in the United States, where it influenced such filmmakers as John Huston in the development of what would come to be known as film noir.

1920-1930

Metropolis (1927)

Metropolis is a 1927 German expressionist science-fiction drama film directed by Fritz Lang. Written by Thea von Harbou, with collaboration from Lang himself, it starred Gustav Fröhlich, Alfred Abel, Rudolf Klein-Rogge, and Brigitte Helm.

Erich Pommer produced it in the Babelsberg Studios for Universum Film A.G. (UFA). The silent film is regarded as a pioneering work of the science-fiction genre in movies, being among the first feature-length movies of that genre.

Made in Germany during the Weimar Period, Metropolis is set in a futuristic urban dystopia and follows the attempts of Freder, the wealthy son of the city's ruler, and Maria, a poor worker, to overcome an oppressive social hierarchy. The film was produced in the Babelsberg Studios and premiered on 10 January 1927 in Berlin.

Metropolis was met with a mixed reception upon release. Critics found it pictorially beautiful and lauded its complex special effects but criticized its vague and highly symbolic narrative.

Audiences initially felt it was too long and were at first put off by its futuristic settings but later made it an international success.

Sunrise (1927)

Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans is a 1927 American romantic drama directed by German Expressionist filmmaker F. W. Murnau in his Hollywood debut, starring George O'Brien, Janet Gaynor, and Margaret Livingston. It was produced by William Fox and released through Fox Film Corporation.

Carl Mayer adapted the screenplay from Hermann Sudermann's short story "The Excursion to Tilsit." The story follows a married farmer (O'Brien) tempted by a woman from the city (Livingston) who urges him to drown his wife (Gaynor); after he cannot go through with it, the couple reconciles during a day in the city before a storm tests them again on the lake.

Released with a synchronized Movietone score and effects but no spoken dialogue, Sunrise is celebrated for its tracking shots, stylized sets, and emotional clarity. At the first Academy Awards it won Unique and Artistic Picture, Janet Gaynor won Best Actress (shared across three roles that year), and Charles Rosher and Karl Struss won Best Cinematography.

It is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of the silent era and was among the first titles selected for the U.S. National Film Registry in 1989.

1930-1940

City Lights (1931)

City Lights is a 1931 American pre-Code silent romantic comedy film written, produced, directed by, and starring Charlie Chaplin.

The story follows the misadventures of Chaplin's Tramp as he falls in love with a blind girl (Virginia Cherrill) and develops a turbulent friendship with an alcoholic millionaire (Harry Myers).

Although sound films were on the rise when Chaplin started developing the script in 1928, he decided to continue working with silent productions.

Filming started in December 1928 and ended in September 1930. City Lights marked the first time Chaplin composed the film score to one of his productions, and it was written in six weeks with Arthur Johnston.

The main theme, used as a leitmotif for the blind girl, is the song La Violetera by Spanish composer José Padilla.

Chaplin lost a lawsuit to Padilla for not crediting him, but a compromise was reached where Padilla's publishers credited him on all future scores while Chaplin retained all future profits.

City Lights was immediately successful upon release on January 30, 1931, with positive reviews and box office receipts of $5 million.

Today, many critics consider it not only the highest accomplishment of Chaplin's career but one of the greatest films ever made.

Gone With The Wind (1939)

Gone With the Wind is a 1939 American epic historical romance film adapted from Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind.

The film was produced by David O. Selznick of Selznick International Pictures and directed by Victor Fleming.

Set in the American South against the backdrop of the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era, the film tells the story of Scarlett O'Hara, the strong-willed daughter of a Georgia plantation owner, and her romantic pursuit of Ashley Wilkes, who is married to his cousin, Melanie Hamilton.

The leading roles are portrayed by Vivien Leigh (Scarlett), Clark Gable (Rhett Butler), Leslie Howard (Ashley), and Olivia de Havilland (Melanie). Production was difficult from the start.

Filming was delayed for two years due to Selznick's determination to secure Gable for the role of Rhett Butler, and the "search for Scarlett" led to 1,400 women being interviewed for the part.

The original screenplay was written by Sidney Howard and underwent many revisions by several writers in an attempt to get it down to a suitable length.

The original director, George Cukor, was fired shortly after filming began and was replaced by Fleming.

1940-1950

Citizen Kane (1941)

Citizen Kane is a 1941 American drama produced, co-written, directed by, and starring Orson Welles. It was Welles's first feature film. It received nine Academy Award nominations and won one: Original Screenplay, shared by Welles and Herman J. Mankiewicz.

It topped Sight & Sound's critics' poll of the greatest films for five consecutive decades (1962–2002) until Vertigo displaced it in 2012.

The film loosely follows the life of the newspaper magnate Charles Foster Kane (Welles), a character based loosely on real-life newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst among others.

Told through overlapping interviews after Kane's death, the film traces how an idealistic young publisher becomes an isolated tycoon — and why his dying word, "Rosebud," still resists a single explanation.

Susan Alexander (Dorothy Comingore), whom Kane elevates into a disastrous opera career, and political rival Jim W. Gettys are among the figures who shape that rise and fall.

Double Indemnity (1944)

Based on the novel by James M. Cain, this film noir classic follows Walter Neff (Fred MacMurray), an insurance salesman who becomes involved with Phyllis Dietrichson (Barbara Stanwyck), a seductive married woman.

The two hatch an elaborate plot to murder Phyllis's husband and collect on his double indemnity life insurance policy.

Told largely in flashback as Neff confesses into a Dictaphone, the scheme unravels under the scrutiny of Barton Keyes (Edward G. Robinson), Neff's shrewd colleague in claims investigation.

Billy Wilder directed from a screenplay he co-wrote with Raymond Chandler. The film was nominated for seven Academy Awards — including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Stanwyck), and Best Screenplay — but did not win.

1950-1960

Seven Samurai (1954)

Seven Samurai is a 1954 Japanese epic historical adventure drama film co-written, edited, and directed by Akira Kurosawa.

The story takes place in 1586 during the Sengoku Period of Japanese history and follows a group of ronin who are hired to protect a small village from bandits.

The film stars Toshiro Mifune, Takashi Shimura, Yoshio Inaba, and Keiko Tsushima. It is one of the director's best-known works, and an important achievement in Japanese cinema.

Kurosawa had difficulty finding financial backing for the film; he eventually found a producer in Toho Studios.

The shooting lasted six months, and post-production took another 11 months. The original Japanese title translates as Seven Samurai.

The film was adapted as John Sturges's Western The Magnificent Seven (1960), which stars Yul Brynner, Eli Wallach, Steve McQueen, and Charles Bronson.

It has been called one of the most influential films ever made.

North By Northwest (1959)

North by Northwest is a 1959 American thriller directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint, and James Mason.

The screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman, who wanted to write "the Hitchcock picture to end all Hitchcock pictures."

It is one of several Hitchcock films which feature a music score by Bernard Herrmann and an opening title sequence by graphic designer Saul Bass.

1960-1970

Last Year At Marienbad (1961)

Last Year at Marienbad is a 1961 French-Italian film directed by Alain Resnais from a screenplay by Alain Robbe-Grillet.

The film is an open-ended and complex examination of a man's search for his lover, who may or may not have been there a year earlier.

The film contains several stories told by different people and the viewer is left to decide which one, if any, is true.

It uses unconventional narration — including voiceover and a slippery sense of time and memory — that helped define modernist art cinema.

It is considered one of the major works of twentieth-century French cinema and one of the central works in the early modernist movement.

The film won the Golden Lion at the 1961 Venice Film Festival.

This is generally considered one of the most important French films ever made.

Persona (1966)

Persona is a 1966 Swedish psychological drama film written and directed by Ingmar Bergman, starring Bibi Andersson and Liv Ullmann.

A celebrated stage actress, Elisabet Vogler (Ullmann), suddenly stops speaking. Assigned to care for her, young nurse Alma (Andersson) accompanies Elisabet to a seaside cottage, where Alma confides in her silent patient and the boundaries between the two women begin to blur.

The film was shot on Fårö between 28 May and 2 August 1965. Persona was released in Sweden in 1966 (with a Stockholm premiere that October) and opened in the United States the following year.

Often ranked among Bergman's greatest works, it remains a landmark of modernist cinema for its fractured identity themes and self-reflexive form.

1970-1980

The Godfather (1972)

The Godfather is a 1972 American crime film directed by Francis Ford Coppola and produced by Albert S. Ruddy from a screenplay by Mario Puzo and Coppola. The film stars Marlon Brando and Al Pacino as the leaders of a fictional New York crime family.

The story, spanning 1945 to 1955, chronicles the family under the patriarch Vito Corleone (Brando), focusing on the transformation of Michael Corleone (Pacino) from reluctant family outsider to ruthless Mafia boss.

After an assassination attempt on Vito, Michael is drawn deeper into the family business while his brothers Sonny (James Caan) and Fredo (John Cazale), and Vito's adopted consigliere Tom Hagen (Robert Duvall), navigate rival families, betrayal, and succession. Diane Keaton co-stars as Kay Adams, Michael's partner, who watches the cost of that world from the outside.

Taxi Driver (1976)

Taxi Driver is a 1976 American drama film directed by Martin Scorsese, written by Paul Schrader, and starring Robert De Niro, Jodie Foster, Cybill Shepherd, Harvey Keitel, Peter Boyle, Leonard Harris, and Albert Brooks.

Set in New York City following the Vietnam War, the film tells the story of a lonely veteran (De Niro) working as a taxi driver, who descends into insanity as he plots to assassinate both the presidential candidate for whom the woman he is infatuated with (Shepherd) is campaigning and the pimp (Keitel) of an underage prostitute (Foster) he befriends.

Taxi Driver was a critical and commercial success and cemented Scorsese's reputation as an emerging filmmaker.

It won the Palme d'Or at Cannes, was nominated for four Academy Awards including Best Picture, and earned Foster a Best Supporting Actress nomination.

Its screenplay was also named to the Writers Guild of America's list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written.

1980-1990

Blade Runner (1982)

Blade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir dystopian science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos.

The film depicts a dystopian Los Angeles in November 2019 in which genetically engineered replicants, which are visually indistinguishable from adult humans, are manufactured by the powerful Tyrell Corporation to work on off-world colonies.

Special police operatives known as Blade Runners are assigned to locate and eliminate these replicants.

Blade Runner initially polarized critics: some were displeased with the pacing, while others enjoyed its thematic complexity.

The year following its release, the film won the prestigious Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. Blade Runner underperformed in North American theaters; however, it was a blockbuster in Europe.

It has since become a cult film. Hailed for its production design depicting a "retrofitted" future, it remains a leading example of the neo-noir genre.

The film adapts Philip K. Dick's 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, whose story world has since been further expanded across later Blade Runner media.

Blue Velvet (1986)

Blue Velvet is a 1986 American neo-noir mystery film written and directed by David Lynch.

Blending psychological horror with film noir, the film stars Kyle MacLachlan, Isabella Rossellini, Dennis Hopper, and Laura Dern, and is named after Bobby Vinton's 1963 song of the same name.

The film concerns a young college student who, returning home to visit his ill father, discovers a severed human ear in a field.

This leads him on an investigation connected to a beautiful nightclub singer and a violent gangster.

The film initially received a divided critical response, with many stating that its objectionable content served little artistic purpose.

However, it earned Lynch his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director and was later named one of the greatest films of the 1980s by several publications.

In subsequent years, critics and audiences have praised the film for its thematic complexity and dreamlike visual style.

In 2008, Blue Velvet was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

It has appeared on Time magazine's All-TIME 100 Movies (2005) and in Sight & Sound magazine's 2012 critics' poll.

1990-2000

Pulp Fiction (1994)

Pulp Fiction is a 1994 American crime film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino, from a story by Tarantino and Roger Avary.

The film is known for its highly stylized dialogue, ironic mix of humor and violence, nonlinear storyline, and a host of cinematic allusions and pop culture references.

The film was nominated for seven Oscars, including Best Picture; Tarantino and Avary won for Best Original Screenplay. It was also awarded the Palme d'Or at the 1994 Cannes Film Festival.

A major critical and commercial success, it revitalized the career of its leading man, John Travolta, who received an Academy Award nomination, as did costars Samuel L. Jackson and Uma Thurman.

Tarantino wrote Pulp Fiction with Avary over a period of three years in the early 1990s.

The script went through various revisions before its filming in 1994; according to Tarantino, the original script was "250 pages! And it wasn't great... I could actually tear most of it up and throw it away and start again." The final version is only 157 minutes long.

Beau Travail (1999)

Beau Travail is a 1999 French drama film directed by Claire Denis, starring Denis Lavant, Michel Subor, and Grégoire Colin.

It was loosely inspired by Herman Melville's novella Billy Budd and follows a Foreign Legion officer recalling his service leading soldiers in Djibouti, and the jealousy that unravels his command.

The title of the film comes from a poem by French poet and essayist Saint-John Perse.

It premiered at the 1999 Venice Film Festival. Cinematographer Agnès Godard won the César Award for Best Cinematography, and the film has since become one of Denis's most acclaimed works — placing in the top ten of Sight & Sound's 2022 critics' poll.

2000-2010

Amores Perros (2000)

Amores Perros (2000) is Alejandro González Iñárritu's debut feature, written by Guillermo Arriaga, a Mexico City triptych of stories linked by a car crash and by the dogs that share the characters' lives.

In the opening strand, Octavio (Gael García Bernal) falls for Susana, his brother Ramiro's wife, and enters his Rottweiler Cofi into illegal dogfights to fund an escape that never comes cleanly.

The film won multiple Ariel Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

It announced Iñárritu as a major international filmmaker and remains a landmark of early-2000s Mexican cinema.

Million Dollar Baby (2004)

Million Dollar Baby is a 2004 American sports drama film directed, co-produced, and scored by Clint Eastwood, and starring Eastwood, Hilary Swank, and Morgan Freeman.

The film won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Its screenplay was written by Paul Haggis, based on short stories by F.X. Toole, the pen name of fight manager and "cutman" Jerry Boyd. The film was dedicated to Boyd.

Eastwood stated that the film arose from his desire to make a film about boxing with two characters: an older trainer and a younger woman.

He also said that he wanted to portray a female character who was as tough as any boxer, a woman who could fight.

2010-2020

The Act of Killing (2012)

The Act of Killing is a 2012 documentary film directed by Joshua Oppenheimer about death squads in Indonesia in 1965–66, who were given impunity to murder anyone they suspected to be a communist.

The film's main focus is on Anwar Congo, a former death squad leader who openly admits to killing hundreds of people during the Indonesian killings of 1965–66 and subsequently became a political gangster and movie producer.

The film explores his life and the reenactments of the killings in dramatic form as well as interviewing other death squad leaders and Indonesian citizens about their views and opinions on the killings.

The interviews are done with an observational style without interviewer intervention or interjection although there are occasional intertitles providing information, historical background, or clarification.

Through these, Oppenheimer allows all sides of the story to be heard, including that of Anwar Congo.

Hence, The Act of Killing is less about the perpetrators than about how lies become truth through constant repetition and how that truth governs behavior.

Following the production of The Globalization Tapes, Oppenheimer interviewed survivors and perpetrators for this film in 2003–04 but then put it aside for five years until he returned to Indonesia for more filming in 2009.

The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014)

The Grand Budapest Hotel is a 2014 comedy film written and directed by Wes Anderson, from a story by Anderson and Hugo Guinness, inspired by the writings of Stefan Zweig.

Featuring an ensemble cast, it stars Ralph Fiennes as a concierge who teams up with one of his employees to prove his innocence after he is framed for murder.

The film is an American-German-British co-production that was financed by German financial companies and film-funding organizations.

The film is set primarily in the present day but follows the tale of M. Gustave H., a legendary concierge at the Grand Budapest Hotel between World War I and II, and his friendship with Zero Moustafa, the hotel's lobby boy who becomes his protégé.

The story involves the theft and recovery of a priceless Renaissance painting, Boy with Apple, and the battle for an enormous family fortune – all against the backdrop of a suddenly and dramatically changing Continent.

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